TAPPED DENSITY:- The tapped density is an increased bulk density attained after mechanically tapping a container containing the powder sample. The tapped density is obtained by mechanically tapping a graduated measuring cylinder or vessel containing the powder sample. After observing the initial powder volume or mass, the measuring cylinder or vessel is mechanically tapped, and volume or mass readings are taken until little further volume or mass change is observed. The mechanical tapping is achieved by raising the cylinder or vessel and allowing it to drop, under its own mass, a specified distance by either of three methods as described below. Devices that rotate the cylinder or vessel during tapping may be preferred to minimize any possible separation of the mass during tapping down.
Method A :- The apparatus consists of the following:
a 250 ml graduated cylinder (readable to 2 ml) with a mass of 220 ± 44 g
a settling apparatus capable of producing, in 1 minute, either nominally 250 ± 15 taps from a height of 3 ± 0.2 mm, or nominally 300 ± 15 taps from a height of 14 ± 2 mm. The support for the graduated cylinder, with its holder, has a mass of 450 ± 10 g.
Procedure
Proceed as described above for the determination of the bulk volume (V0). Secure the cylinder in the holder. Carry out 10, 500 and 1250 taps on the same powder sample and read the corresponding volumes V10, V500 and V1250 to the nearest graduated unit. If the difference between V500 and V1250 is less than or equal to 2 ml, V1250 is the tapped volume. If the difference between V500 and V1250 exceeds 2 ml, repeat in increments such as 1250 taps, until the difference between succeeding measurements is less than or equal to 2 ml. Fewer taps may be appropriate for some powders, when validated. Calculate the tapped density (g/ml) using the formula m/Vf in which Vf is the final tapped volume. Generally, replicate determinations are desirable for the determination of this property. Specify the drop height with the results. If it is not possible to use a 100 g test sample, use a reduced amount and a suitable 100 ml graduated cylinder (readable to 1 ml) weighing 130 ± 16 g and mounted on a holder weighing 240 ± 12 g. The modified test conditions are specified in the expression of the results.
Method B
Procedure
Proceed as directed under Method A except that the mechanical tester provides a fixed drop of 3 ± 0.2 mm at a nominal rate of 250 taps per minute.
Method C
Procedure
Proceed as described in Method C for measuring the bulk density using the measuring vessel equipped with the cap. The measuring vessel with the cap is lifted 50-60 times per minute by the use of a suitable tapped density tester. Carry out 200 taps, remove the cap and carefully scrape excess powder from the top of the measuring vessel as described in Method C for measuring the bulk density. Repeat the procedure using 400 taps. If the difference between the two masses obtained after 200 and 400 taps exceeds 2%, carry out a test using 200 additional taps until the difference between succeeding measurements is less than 2%. Calculate the tapped density (g/ml) using the formula Mf/100 where Mf is the mass of powder in the measuring vessel. Record the average of three determinations using three different powder samples. The test conditions including tapping height are specified in the expression of the results.
MEASURES OF POWDER COMPRESSIBILITY
Because the interparticulate interactions influencing the bulking properties of a powder are also the interactions that interfere with powder flow, a comparison of the bulk and tapped densities can give a measure of the relative importance of these interactions in a given powder. Such a comparison is often used as an index of the ability of the powder to flow, for example the Compressibility index or the Hausner ratio. The Compressibility index and Hausner ratio are measures of the propensity of a powder to be compressed as described above. As such, they are measures of the powder ability to settle and they permit an assessment of the relative importance of interparticulate interactions. In a freeflowing powder, such interactions are less significant, and the bulk and tapped densities will be closer in value. For poorer flowing materials, there are frequently greater interparticulate interactions, and a greater difference between the bulk and tapped densities will be observed. These differences are reflected in the Compressibility Index and the Hausner Ratio.
Compressibility index:- 100(Vo-Vf)/Vo
where
Vo - unsettled apparent volume,
Vf - final tapped volume.
Hausner Ratio: Vo/Vf
Depending on the material, the compressibility index can be determined using V10 instead of V0. If V10 is used, it is clearly stated in the results.
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